The Struggle for Equality and Identity in Ralph Ellisons...

Ralph Ellison’s short story, Battle Royal, is mainly a description of the African American struggle for equality and identity. The narrator of the story is an above average youth of the African American community [Goldstein-Shirlet, 1999]. He is given an opportunity to give a speech to some of the more prestigious white individuals. His expectations of being received in a positive and normal environment are drastically dashed when he is faced with the severity of the process he must deal with in order to accomplish his task. The continuing theme of Battle Royal is that of a struggle for one’s rights against great odds. Instances of this struggle are found throughout the story. Ellison highlights the vastness of the problems faced by the†¦show more content†¦Many history altering events took place during this continuing struggle. More symbolism appears during the fight when the nature of the audience changes for the worse. Through his description of whites from a high social standing watching the battle of ten blacks in a ring, Ellison shows the attitude and approach those in charge of running system have towards ethnic minorities – in this case, African Americans. As the battle intensifies, the fascinated audience become more engaged and began foul mouthing the fighters in their animalistic anger. The total disregard for human dignity shown by this reaction is a prime example of the attitude of superiority assumed by the ruling majorities over minorities. The main theme of Battle Royal occurs again with the incident of the electrified rug. After the battle has ended, the boys are allowed to pick bills and coins off of a rug. As they try to take the money off the rug, they are jolted with electricity. Even though the pain factor involved in picking the cash off the rug is very high, the boys force themselves to carry on. This brilliantly captures the economic hardship faced by the black community and the negative effect of this hardship on social harmony. Once more, a theme of suppressed dignity emerges. It shows that even after their biggest fight for respect ended, African Americans were forced to endure racism and injustice in other forms. A side effect of this episode was theShow MoreRelatedThe Tone and Style of Ralph Ellisons Battle Royal Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesA short analysis of the major theme found in Ellison’s Battle Royal, supported by a literary criticism dealing with the tone and style of the story. Introduction: Ralph Ellison’s short story, Battle Royal, is mainly an account of the African American struggle for equality and identity. The narrator of the story is an above average youth of the African American community [Goldstein-Shirlet, 1999]. He is given an opportunity to give a speech to some of the more prestigious white individuals. HisRead MoreThe World Of Segregation Crises `` Battle Royal `` By Ralph Ellison1706 Words   |  7 PagesWorld of Challenges In the world of segregation crises â€Å"Battle Royal† by Ralph Ellison is about a boy who just finished high school years and receives an invitation to present his valedictorian speech to the wealthy white men in town. Ellison’s protagonist reminisces about his naive life, 20 years before when the story was published in 1947. He grew up in the deep south of America in a town where prejudicism and racism was prominent. During this time the South is segregated because of the Jim CrowRead MoreCritical Analysis: Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesIn Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, we are presented with an unnamed narrator whose values and potentials are invisible to the world around him. Throughout the entirety of the novel, we see the unnamed narrator, also known as the Invisible Man, struggle in an attempt to uncover his identity buried beneath African American oppression and an aggregation of deception. Ellison shows us how lies and de ceit may serve as a grave but invaluable obstacle to one’s journey to find their identity. Through theRead MoreSimilarities Between Shirley Jackson And Battle Royal1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lottery (1948) written by Shirley Jackson and Battle Royal (1952) by Ralph Ellison are short stories that stress the issues of conformity and breaking tradition. Both stories were written during a time when individuality was not looked upon in a pleasant manor. Battle Royal and The Lottery both deal with the internal struggle of trying to accept societal norms when they do not match up with one’s beliefs. Difficult lessons were learned in these stories, for example in The Lottery a cruel traditionRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1503 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Battle Royale,† by Ralph Ellison, is the first chapter of his critically acclaimed book, Invisible Man. It describes the harrowing and hurtful treatment an unnamed African American male experiences in the south. Ellison tackles the hatred and racism experienced by blacks in the United States. Racism and hatred haunted the narrator, resulting in the violence he witnesses that surrounds him. Ellison does a great job of implementing the hatred and cruelty of American racism into his story. This resultsRead MoreRevelations Of The Fictional Characters Of Ralph Ellison s Invisible Man1402 Words   |  6 PagesDrew Wiseman Mrs. McElroy AP English 12 September 3, 2012 Revelations of the Protagonist In Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the main character goes through a spiritual realization just as Meursault does in Albert Camus’ The Stranger. In the Invisible Man, Dr. Bledsoe leads the protagonist astray to the fabled Harlem of New York City. Once the narrator arrives in Harlem, it becomes apparent that he was sent to Harlem as a punishment and has been permanently expelled from black college. The narratorRead MoreThe Real History in Ralph Ellison ´s Invisible Man Essay1831 Words   |  8 Pagesand symbols that Ralph Ellison respectively included on purpose. In this essay, my investigation will prove why or why not the real-life social and political ideology involved in the literature of Invisible Man, is accurately or inaccurately depicted. I believe that there are multiple accounts involved in the text that must be taken into consideration before judging if the novel successfully depicts real-life social and political history. In particular, we must take Ralph Ellison’s personal life andRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison1409 Words   |  6 Pages In literature, the prologue of a novel often consists of an opening speech or introduction that establishes the stage for important events later to come. However, in Ralph Ellison’s novel, The Invisible Man, the prologue serves as the beginning of the end, in preparation for an epilogue that revisits the narrator’s original inner conflict at the end of a personal narrative. Situated in a hidden underground cellar, the main character, the Invisible Man recounts the journey of his naive youth fromRead MoreThe Royal Experience : An Analysis Of Battle Royal Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesThe Royal Experience: An Analysis of â€Å"Battle Royal† The short story â€Å"Battle Royal† by Ralph Ellison characterizes about a well-educated young black male who strives to find his own identity. The protagonist refers to himself as an †¦ â€Å"Invisible Man† (Ellison 1). He lives in the deep South where race and gender defined an individual’s equality and right’s. He is invited to read his graduation speech at a private gathering in front of his towns elite white members. The young black man felt honoredRead More Racism and Identity in Ralph Ellison’s The Invisible Man Essay2209 Words   |  9 PagesIn Ralph Ellison’s novel The Invisible man, the unknown narrator states â€Å"All my life I had been looking for something and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what it was†¦I was looking for myself and asking everyone except myself the question which I, and only I, could answer†¦my expectations to achieve a realization everyone else appears to have been born with: Tha t I am nobody but myself. But first I had to discover that I am an invisible man!† (13). throughout the novel, the search for

Essay on The Mexican-American War - 1466 Words

The Mexican-American war determined the destiny of the United States of America, it determined whether or not it would become a world power and it established the size of the United States of America. Perhaps the war was inevitable due to the idea of Manifest Destiny - Americans thought they had the divine right to extend their territory. The Mexican-American War started mainly because of the annexation of the Republic of Texas (established in 1836 after breaking away from Mexico). The United States and Mexico still had conflicts on what the borders of Texas was, the United States claimed that the Texas border with Mexico was the Rio Grande, but the Mexicans said that it was the Nueces River, so the land in between were disputed and†¦show more content†¦During the battle of Resaca de la Palma, both sides engaged in vicious hand to hand fighting, the American Cavalry managed to capture the Mexican Artillery resulting in the Mexicans retreating and rerouting, but because of t he terrain, Arista could not rally his troops. The Mexicans had heavy casualties and were forced to abandon their artillery and other supplies. Fort Brown caused more casualties when the Mexicans were crossing the river of Rio Grande. A month later, on June 14th 1846 in California, native English speaking people arrested the Mexican governor and imprisoned him and declared California the California Republic. Sloat claimed Monterey and took control of the California Republic. Later he transferred his command to Robert F. Stockton under the orders from congress. At the same time, Kearny with 1700 US troops marched to Sante Fe, New Mexico and took control. Kearny later proceeded with 300 dragoons along the Gila River valley. Later on, he sent back 200 of his 300 dragoons believing the war in California was over. But he clashed with the Mexican militia the settlement of San Pasqual because he mistakenly believed that it would be a miss match in the favor of him. He was de featedShow MoreRelatedThe Mexican American War Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States of America has been through many wars, wars concerning many things such as land oil, pride and respect. However, when the United States went to war with Mexico, it was planned over greed. The Mexican- American war was a war provoked by the United States, in efforts to expand the coasts of the country. Mexico was a small under privileged country who had previously to the war had already lost part of their country (Texas). Needless to say this war was cut throat and violent, it was howeverRead MoreThe Mexican-American War Essay870 Words   |  4 Pagesdisregard for the toll a war can take on human lives. When the Alamo was fought back in February 1836, it was about the independence of Texas from Mexico. In retaliation of the death and destruction of human life, Sam Houston retaliated in April and killed 630 Mexican soldiers and took General Santa Anna prisoner (Tindall Shi, 2010). This was t he start of the independence of Texas and the quest for annexation into the United States, which ultimately led to the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. ThisRead MoreEssay The Mexican-American War1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican-American War. The Mexican-American war was a process of years of battles between the Mexicans and Americans but I think after this informational paper, you’ll seem to know a little bit more knowledge about it. How it all started, well in the beginning, the Americans and Mexicans both wanted to control Texas, but at the time it was a part of the Mexican territory, well soon enough Americans wanted control over it so badly that they started to travel into Texas’s land. Part of the reasonRead MoreCause Of The Mexican American War1864 Words   |  8 PagesThe Mexican-American war, also known as the Mexican war happened between 1846 and 1848 with the participants being United States of America and Mexico. Texas, previously a Mexican state, was the primary cause of the war. A series of disagreements had occurred between Texans and the Mexican government leading to Texas declaration of its independence in 1836. Later, Texas decided to join the United States as the 28th state and this infu riated Mexico. Additionally, border disagreements came up withRead MoreThe American Army in the Mexican War1085 Words   |  5 Pagesrepel invasions. This two level arrangement formed the basis of military establishment during the war. The U.S. army was not prepared for the war. The congress authorized 8613 men and officers for the war but, the actual number was fewer than 5500. Many regimental commanders entered before the War of 1812 but, were too elderly and infirm for an active duty. Looking at the poor state of army during the war, the Congress increased the number of private individual companies to hundred. This turned outRead MoreMexican American War Essay4448 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction/Background The Mexican American War began on April 25, 1846. The war lasted two years losing many men on both sides. The Mexican war was the third major fought by the United States. In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla triggers the beginning of Mexico’s fight for independence from Spain. Mexico gained its independence in 1821 after a long and bloody revolution against Spain. For Mexico, the war between them and the United States was a fight to keep their institutions and national integrityRead MorePolitical Outcomes of the Mexican-American War2030 Words   |  9 PagesPolitical Outcomes of the Mexican – American War Post the Mexican – American War in 1846, there would be a plethora of political change that would be inevitable for the Mexicans, and the Americans. These changes would bring about a divide between the two countries that would keep them in a rivalry spanning over numerous decades. However, before this rivalry could occur, something would be needed to induce it. The Mexicans and the Americans would fight against each other for over a year until aRead MoreCompare and contrast the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War.1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War are two wars that physically appear two opposites. The War of 1812 involves plenty of naval battles and a few major land battles, while the Mexican-American War involves numerous land battles and few, if any, naval battles. However there are numerous similarities. The War of 1812, The US saw Great Britain as a major problem because of their definition of contraband and the impressment of American sailors into the British Navy. And around this time theRead MoreEssay about The Mexican War as an Exercise in American Imperialism1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican War as an Exercise in American Imperialism The US government believed firmly in the doctrine of Manifest destiny, the government argued that they had the right and duty to expand through North American because it was necessary and inevitable. During the 19th century Mexico dominated a large amount of North America which was inhabited by American settlers and the American government aimed to expand the USA from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and wereRead MoreThe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty that ended the Mexican-American War in 1848.2104 Words   |  9 PagesThe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which came into effect on 2 February 1848, ended the Mexican-American war and formally resolved territorial disputes resulting from that conflict. The treaty required the U.S. government to pay the Mexican government $15 million dollars, this in return for an expanse of territory that later became the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado. I intend to argue that the treaty benefitted the people who inhabited, and later came to inhabit

Benjamin Franklin from an Apprentice to a Founding Father Free Essays

As one of the founding fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin was a key figure in shaping the history of America. But even more so, he was a highly individualistic character, and showed a truly dynamic personality when compared to the early leaders of American history. His unique personality has been admired by those throughout history for his pragmatism, his soothing nature and ability to act as a mediator with others. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin: from an Apprentice to a Founding Father or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was known for his leadership skills, and respected as a writer, visionary, philosopher and inventor. Benjamin Franklin is still relevant today from students learning about his science experiments to the printing and technical industries benefiting from his inventions. Probably the most impressive quality about Franklin is the fact that he appealed to the everyday working class people. Born in Boston in 1706 to Abiah and Josiah Franklin, his father was a chandler and soap maker from England (Benjamin Franklin In Search of a Better World, 2005). Early on the young Ben Franklin was intrigued by reading and writing. One of his first inspirations was The Spectator essay written by Richard Steele and Joseph Addison. Franklin was impressed with the authors’ passages about the vanities and values of contemporary life. He read the essays as a learning experience. After reading the pages he then re-wrote the text in his own words and evaluated what he could correct and then enhance—eventually creating his own unique, writing style. In addition to the essays of the day, he also immersed himself in the books that he borrowed from friends who worked for local book masters. In 1721 his brother James started the New England Courant, and the 16-year-old Benjamin wrote articles for it under an assumed name. Knowing his brother would not let him write for the paper, he found another way to get his writings in print. He wrote letters and signed them via a pseudonym of a made up widow dubbed: Silence Dogood. His musings were filled with the plight facing women and an analysis of the current landscape of the time period. All in all, readers loved the letters and clamored to find out more about the infamous scribe. Eventually the young writer confessed that he created the Dogood tales. Discovering this led to touchy altercation among the brothers; James said the compliments paid to Benjamin’s writing made him â€Å"vain. † The relationship between Benjamin and his older brother would lay the groundwork for his future philosophies and work ethic. As he revealed in his autobiography: â€Å"I fancy his harsh and tyrannical treatment of me might be a means of impressing me with that aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to me through my whole life. (The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, p. 20). This approach would later show up in Franklin’s dealings as a printer and in competing with other newspapermen of the day, as well as in his political dealings and his â€Å"man of the people† stance on issues. Benjamin Franklin bought out a competitor’s newspaper called, the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729. Combining his many skills, Franklin wrote for the paper as well as printed the periodical. The Gazette was Franklin’s bread and butter for his printing service. To enhance the content, he focused on more up-to-date content and improved the quality of the writing and added a dose of wit and spirited prose. This newspaper saw much success within the area and in filled it more and more with political writings (In Search of a Better World, 2005). For example, Franklin created and published the first political cartoon in the paper. The Gazette was unique in that it had an open-press policy and â€Å"He was scrupulously evenhanded in his coverage of politics†¦. his open-press policy How to cite Benjamin Franklin: from an Apprentice to a Founding Father, Papers

Currency Beginning Present And Future Essay Research free essay sample

Currency, Beginning, Present, And Future Essay, Research Paper Currency, the Beginning, the Present, and the Future # 8220 ; Money # 8211 ; in the traditional sense no longer exists. It died two decennaries ago when Richard Nixon everlastingly abolished the gilded criterion. Since so, money as we one time knew it has been replaced by an unstable new planetary medium of exchange that is called # 8216 ; megabyte money # 8217 ; # 8230 ; megabyte money is a menace non merely to our state # 8217 ; s long-run growing and prosperity, but to the person as well. # 8221 ; Joel Kurtzman, The Death Of Money, 1993 Economy when it was foremost started was a seedling in a field. Poor and helpless to the environment. As this seedling grows, it becomes stronger and greater as a whole. The great Red Oak that the we as world has let it turn up to be is one of the greatest powers driving this planet. This Tree has become the state? s immense wood and the forest supports on turning with no terminal in sight. We will write a custom essay sample on Currency Beginning Present And Future Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The thing that makes the economic tree so great, is currency. As America moves into the 20 firsts century at a rapid gait, the currency and economic system is traveling right along with it. As engineering progresss more and more the manner that Americans pay for things has besides changed. Americans are transporting less and less hard currency to the shops, but more recognition cards and cheques. The latest invention that has come out is the smart bit. But is all this engineering traveling to be the day of reckoning of civilisation. In this paper the history, the present, and the hereafter of money will be told. In the Get downing the swap was the lone manner to interchange goods. The swap system is the exchange of resources or services for common advantage, and may day of the month back to the beginning of world. Some would even reason that it # 8217 ; s non strictly a human activity ; workss and animate beings have been bartering for 1000000s of old ages. This means that workss and animate beings have been know to assist each other out. In any instance, swap among worlds surely pre-dates the usage of money. Today persons, organisations, and authoritiess still use, and frequently prefer, barter as a signifier of exchange of goods and services. In 12 hundred BC cowries were foremost used. This was the shell of a mollusc that was widely available in the shallow Waterss of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, was in China. Historically, many societies have used cowries as money, and even every bit late as the center of this century, cowries have been used in some parts of Africa. The cowry is the most widely and longest used currency in history. By the clip 1000 BC bronze and Cu cowry imitations were manufactured by China at the terminal of the Stone Age and could be considered some of the earliest signifiers of metal coins. Metal tool money, such as knife and spade monies, was besides foremost used in China. These early metal monies developed into crude versions of unit of ammunition coins. Chinese coins were made out of base metals, frequently incorporating holes so they could be put together like a concatenation. However some didn? T have entree to cowries this lead to the domestication of cowss. This was used from nine thousand to six thousand BC. Cattle, which include anything from cattles, to sheep, to camels, are the first and oldest signifiers of money. With the coming of agribusiness came the usage of grain and other veggie or works merchandises as a standard signifier of swap in many. This system nevertheless ran into some defects when there was no fit criterion on how much anything was deserving. About one 1000 BC the first coined money was invented. They were bronze and Cu cowry imitations were manufactured by China at the terminal of the Stone Age and could be considered some of the earliest signifiers of metal coins. Metal tool money, such as knife and spade monies, was besides foremost used in China. These early metal monies developed into crude versions of unit of ammunition coins. Chinese coins were made out of base metals, frequently incorporating holes so they could be put together like a concatenation. Outside of China, the first coins developed out of balls of Ag. By 500 BC the modern coin came about. They took the familiar unit of ammunition signifier of today, and were stamped with assorted Gods and emperors to tag their genuineness. These early coins foremost appeared in Lydia, which is portion of contemporary Turkey, but the techniques were rapidly copied and further refined by the Greek, Persian, Macedonian, and subsequently the Roman empires. Unlike Chinese co ins, which depended on base metals, these new coins were made from cherished metals such as Ag, bronze, and gold, which had more built-in value. In 118 BC leather money was used in China in the signifier of one-foot-square pieces of white deerskin with colourful boundary lines. This could be considered the first documented type of bill. However it wasn? T till 806 AD boulder clay the first paper bank notes appeared in China. In all, China experienced over 500 old ages of early paper money, crossing from the 9th through the 15th century. Over this period, paper notes grew in production to the point that their value quickly depreciated and rising prices soared. Then get downing in 1455, the usage of paper money in China disappeared for several hundred old ages. This was still many old ages before paper currency would re-emerge in Europe, and three centuries before it was considered common. Cherished metals were subsequently used to put a criterion for Bank notes. Gold was officially made the criterion of value in England in 1816. At this clip, guidelines were made to let for a non-inflationary production of standard bank notes, which represented a certain sum of gold. Bank notes had been used in England and Europe for several hundred old ages before this clip, but their worth had neer been tied straight to gold. In the United States, the Gold Standard Act was officially enacted in 1900, which helped take to the constitution of a cardinal bank. This nevertheless would non last. The monolithic Depression of the 1930 # 8217 ; s was felt worldwide which marked the beginning of the terminal of the gilded criterion. In the United States, the gilded criterion was revised and the monetary value of gold was devalued. This was the first measure in stoping the relationship wholly. The British and international gold criterions shortly ended every bit good, and the complexnesss of international pecuniary ordinance began. The complexnesss and economic sciences of what has happen to the gold criterions stoping can do pandemonium and break. However this break was minimum, due to the gradual alteration in the system. The United States was nevertheless non hone in their money system either. In San Francisco during 1965, 1966 and 1967. Due to the limitations on coin designation in force at that clip, no mintmarks was used. Mintmarks were cogent evidence of where the coins were made. Proof coin operations were moved from the Philadelphia Mint to San Francisco in 1968, and the missive # 8220 ; S # 8221 ; identifies that particular numismatic mintage. The mintage Act of 1965 prohibited the usage of mintmarks for a period of five old ages. This, together with the day of the month freezing, eliminated separating characteristics on our coins which could be given to do their remotion from circulation during a critical period when the Mint was endeavoring to construct up coin stock lists. No mintmarks appear on coins dated 1965, 1966, and 1967. Congressional mandate permitted recommencement of the pattern in 1968, at which clip the batch Markss, normally positioned on the contrary of the coins prior to 1968, were for good relocated on the obverse or day of the month side. Today? s currency comes is traveling over a new brand over. The United States quarters are one of the coins that is having a face-lift. To mark the 50 states the United States is coining a new one-fourth for each province every 10 hebdomads. In 1999, the Mint issued: Connecticut ( the Charter Oak ) ; Delaware ( Caesar Rodney on horseback ) ; Georgia ( province lineation, Prunus persica, unrecorded oak branchlets ) ; New Jersey ( picture of Washington Crossing Delaware ) ; and Pennsylvania ( province lineation, allegorical female figure, anchor ) . A new one-fourth will be coming out every twelvemonth until the twelvemonth 200 8. Other Bills like the 10, 20, 50, and the 100 dollar measures are get downing modified excessively. They are acquiring a bigger portrayal and having a water line. This will do it harder to forge and merchandise illicitly. The newest alteration to the United States currency has been the two 1000, dollar coin. This coin is a aureate colour and has Sacagawea on it. Sacagawea was the Shoshoni Indian adult female who helped steer the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Northwest. This coin is similar to the Susan B. Anthony dollar that was stopped from doing because many got it confused with quarters. With all these alterations in the currency, the fact still remains that 90 per centum of all currency does non exists. In modern society we are traveling further off from money and closer to a cashless society. A cashless society is a society that has no or few currency. With a cashless society it is harder to steal peoples currency. This allows for people to maintain something with the value of money, but merely they can utilize it. In America the cashless ways of purchasing things are being changed within a life clip. Checks were the first invention to come out. When this invention came out, Americans did non hold to purchase things with hard currency any longer. Americans sighed a valid piece of paper stating how much they owed and to who they wrote the cheque to. The security hazard of this is, if person stole the chequebook, they possibly able to hammer your signature and take money out of the checking history. This was hard manner of maintaining path of what was spent. Another major disadvantage was that it was difficult to maintain up with what your balance was. Some would compose cheques, but they would non hold the money to pay for it. This is known as resiling a cheque. A new engineering must come out to counter these jobs. The following thing that came out was the recognition card. A recognition card is a card that had all your history information on a recognition card. This was a system of web computing machines that was hooked up state broad. When an point was needed to be purchased, all that was needed to be done was to skid your card through a recognition card machine. This would direct the information that was on the history to the web. Then the feedback would come back, to see if the recognition card was approved. Finally all that is needed to de done is to subscribe the reception. This was good because it was convenient and easy to utilize. A recognition card was besides hooked up to a web of computing machines. This made it harder to steal because when a individual found it lost, they could merely deactivate the card. Probably the most good factor was that monthly payments can be made. This allowed for people to pass, and merely hold to pay a small back at a clip. Some people did non like the thought of passing money that they do non hold. So a cheque card was invented. This sort of card can be used precisely like a recognition card, but it would retreat from the look intoing history. The cheque card would merely let a individual to pass every bit much as they had. This allowed many to merely hold one sort of payment and let for less or no hard currency to be carried. To do these cards even safer some have put their image ID on the cards. The newest and the fastest motion in the fiscal universe, is the smart card. Already widely used in Japan and Europe, the smart card is a computing machine bit inside the recognition card. Smart cards, which resembles ordinary recognition cards are capable of hive awaying informations, such as banking histories, medical information, favourite nutrients, etc. The smart card allows for the card to maintain path of what a individual bargain and do a shopping list from it. This card will advise a individual to state them that they have a low balance. This invention will do it even harder for a individual? s card to be stolen. This engineering and the other engineering will convey America into the 20 first century and point America towards a cashless society. A trial plan is already in consequence in the United States military. This plan is designed to prove if a cashless society would really work. In Parris developing base in South Carolina recruits are having smart cards, instead than hard currency. ? On payday, recruits receive smart cards instead than hard currency. When a Marine makes a purchase on base, he plugs the card into a little terminus and the amount is automatically deducted from his pay. ? Newsweek says, ? THE BASE IN FACT, A CASHLESS ECONOMY- even telephones take smart cards. ? Another topographic point that is proving a unvarying system of designation is schools in New York City. At least 15 schools are in this trial plan to see if a unvarying barcode system would really work. They say it is like? maintaining checks on Students. ? This should assist maintain them from acquiring into more problem. Will this unvarying designation work or is it merely another manner to go against a individual? s privateness. Some say that the smart cards and barcodes on people might go the national designation card. However is this merely a program to go against person? s security. Some believe that there is a sinister program that is being carried out to steal person? s individuality. Information hebdomadally, asks the? Ten Million Dollar Question? , ? What if a stealer swipes your card? ? This is a major concern that the authorities has to look into. Can person steal your individuality. Credit card fraud histories for a billion dollar loss every twelvemonth. All your banking, personal, and medical information could be in another individual? s manus really easy. The solution that the United States authorities is looking into is a ET Bio-Chip. This ET bit will be implantable and or injectable into a individual? s organic structure. They are believing of seting this bit in either the manus or brow. This would be a lasting manner of designation. The micro chip is traveling to be every bit bantam as a grain of rice and is traveling to keep a ten-character alphameric designation codification. This codification will neer be duplicated, so a individual? s individuality will remain with them everlastingly. When you? re ready to buy an point the bit is scanned the codification will demo up on a computing machine screen. This bit can associate a individual into a computing machine database and track a individual utilizing orbiters. Some people are afraid that this engineering is traveling to misused. Dr. Carl Sanders is an expert in technology, and micro chips in the bio-medical field. He is particularly disquieted about the abuse of this merchandise. He thinks that people are traveling to be implanted with this bit whether they want it or non. He besides believes that the authorities can supervise its population against their will excessively. Some people say that we have to worry a batch more about other things than holding our privateness invaded Disclosure 13:17 provinces? And that no adult male might purchase or sell, salvage he that had the grade, or the name of the animal or the figure of the beast. ? Does this mean that the terminal of the universe is coming? Revelation says that? The Beast? will come up once more and take over the universe. The Bible besides says that this grade will be placed in the right manus or the brow of the people. The symbol for? The Beast? is the figure 666. In 1974 a unusual new marker was placed on every merchandise in America, this marker was the UPC codification. Inside the UPC codification some say that they have found the markers of 666 hidden in every individual one of the codifications. UPC codifications are a signifier of designation Numberss for a certain point. To set this sort of designation in a individual? s organic structure is like seting the grade of the animal on the organic structure. As the economic tree supports on turning and the forest supports on distributing to greater ranges of the Earth. The state as we know it will neer be the same. The technological progresss that have been made, will go on far into the following century. Mankind started out with stones and rocks, but now the human race is paying for everything utilizing wires and recognition cards. In the following century how far will this engineering grow and where will it take us? No affair what signifier currency will take the following century, whether it is gilded, paper or plastic, the economic tree will non halt turning. 354

Canadas Copyright Law Essays - Copyright Law, File Sharing

Canada's Copyright Law Canada's copyright law is one of our hardest laws to enforce. The reason the police have so much trouble enforcing this law, is due to technology. This law is very easy to break, and once broken, it is very hard to track down violators. So although some form of a copyright law is needed, the one we have has, too many holes to be effective. There are three main ways in which the copyright law is broken in everyday life. They is audio/video tape copying, plagiarism, and software piracy. The first, and most commonly violated aspect of the copyright law, is the copying of audio tapes for oneself and friends. Thanks to the invention of dual cassette stereos, this has become very easy. You simply take an original or even another copy of a tape, as well as a blank tape. Stick them both in to the stereo and bingo you have a new tape. You also just broke the law. Along with copying audio tapes, now we can copy video tapes almost as easily. If you hook two VCR's together, they can copy from one to the other. You could rent a movie form the video store, copy and return it, with no one the wiser. The problem with copying video and audio tapes is that for every copy you make the recording artist, the actors, producers and everyone else who collect royalties from the tapes lose money. If the companies start to lose money, they raise prices. Thus a vicious circle begins. As prices go up, fewer people buy original copies. If less people buy the original cassettes prices will once again rise. Another major form of piracy is plagiarism. The stealing of someone elses ideas or work. The biggest category of people who fall into here are students. Very often a student when doing a research paper will "accidently" forget to footnote his work. By "forgetting" to give the author credit, the student has claimed the work as his own. Another reason students may copy someone else's work is to sound more sophisticated hoping that if they use someone elses words it will sound better than their own. Generally, this provides an easy way for a teacher or the police to catch them. Teachers also plagiarize rather frequently. Very often a teacher will photocopy several pages from a book, in order to save the students the expense of having to buy the book for themselves. While this is a noble act by the teacher, in most cases, this is illegal. Unless the author of the book, gave consent for his/her work to be freely distributed, teachers can't copy it any more than students or anyone else can. The third category of piracy is Software Pirating. There are several forms which this can take. The most common form is very similar to audio/video cassettes. It is when someone copies a game or program from his/her computer to someone elses. As long as the two people have the same type of computer, (they both have apples or IBM's) this is a very simple process, so long as the programmer didn't put a bug into the program (a precaution they take against people copying their work). Another form of Computer Piracy is a "cracker". A cracker is someone who has an in-depth knowledge of computers and programming. He can then remove the "bug" that prevents programs from being copied. After he removes the bug he's able to distribute the software at his own discretion. This is in direct conflict with the copyright law, because the program was not meant to be copied thus the bug. It therefore becomes illegal to remove the bug. Like audio/video cassettes copying, computer games causes people to lose money. In this case, instead of it being the singer, or actors, it is the programmer, and the software companies who lose. This leads to the same vicious circle. More copies make higher prices etc.. The copyright law is hard to enforce likewise so are the penalties. If you are found in violation of breaking the copyright laws, you probably will only have to pay a fine. However, the fines can be quite substantial and depending where you are in the distribution chain (how many copies were made before yours) the fine varies, with whoever copied the original paying the most. In extreme cases, where a contract is enacted upon the purchase of the original copy like with Word Perfect, a computer word processor. Canadas Copyright Law Essays - Copyright Law, File Sharing Canada's Copyright Law Canada's copyright law is one of our hardest laws to enforce. The reason the police have so much trouble enforcing this law, is due to technology. This law is very easy to break, and once broken, it is very hard to track down violators. So although some form of a copyright law is needed, the one we have has, too many holes to be effective. There are three main ways in which the copyright law is broken in everyday life. They is audio/video tape copying, plagiarism, and software piracy. The first, and most commonly violated aspect of the copyright law, is the copying of audio tapes for oneself and friends. Thanks to the invention of dual cassette stereos, this has become very easy. You simply take an original or even another copy of a tape, as well as a blank tape. Stick them both in to the stereo and bingo you have a new tape. You also just broke the law. Along with copying audio tapes, now we can copy video tapes almost as easily. If you hook two VCR's together, they can copy from one to the other. You could rent a movie form the video store, copy and return it, with no one the wiser. The problem with copying video and audio tapes is that for every copy you make the recording artist, the actors, producers and everyone else who collect royalties from the tapes lose money. If the companies start to lose money, they raise prices. Thus a vicious circle begins. As prices go up, fewer people buy original copies. If less people buy the original cassettes prices will once again rise. Another major form of piracy is plagiarism. The stealing of someone elses ideas or work. The biggest category of people who fall into here are students. Very often a student when doing a research paper will "accidently" forget to footnote his work. By "forgetting" to give the author credit, the student has claimed the work as his own. Another reason students may copy someone else's work is to sound more sophisticated hoping that if they use someone elses words it will sound better than their own. Generally, this provides an easy way for a teacher or the police to catch them. Teachers also plagiarize rather frequently. Very often a teacher will photocopy several pages from a book, in order to save the students the expense of having to buy the book for themselves. While this is a noble act by the teacher, in most cases, this is illegal. Unless the author of the book, gave consent for his/her work to be freely distributed, teachers can't copy it any more than students or anyone else can. The third category of piracy is Software Pirating. There are several forms which this can take. The most common form is very similar to audio/video cassettes. It is when someone copies a game or program from his/her computer to someone elses. As long as the two people have the same type of computer, (they both have apples or IBM's) this is a very simple process, so long as the programmer didn't put a bug into the program (a precaution they take against people copying their work). Another form of Computer Piracy is a "cracker". A cracker is someone who has an in-depth knowledge of computers and programming. He can then remove the "bug" that prevents programs from being copied. After he removes the bug he's able to distribute the software at his own discretion. This is in direct conflict with the copyright law, because the program was not meant to be copied thus the bug. It therefore becomes illegal to remove the bug. Like audio/video cassettes copying, computer games causes people to lose money. In this case, instead of it being the singer, or actors, it is the programmer, and the software companies who lose. This leads to the same vicious circle. More copies make higher prices etc.. The copyright law is hard to enforce likewise so are the penalties. If you are found in violation of breaking the copyright laws, you probably will only have to pay a fine. However, the fines can be quite substantial and depending where you are in the distribution chain (how many copies were made before yours) the fine varies, with whoever copied the original paying the most. In extreme cases, where a contract is enacted upon the purchase of the original copy like with Word Perfect, a computer word processor.

Pio Baroja essays

Pio Baroja essays Pio Baroja was born on the twenty-eighth of December in the year of 1872 in the Basque Country (Rouco). At the age of fifteen, his family moved to Madrid because his father, Don SerafÃÆ'Â ­n, was transferred there when he had obtained a seat in the Geographic and Statistical Institute (Caro Raggio). In Madrid is where Baroja grew up to learn about medicine. After receiving his medical degree from the University of Madrid in 1893, he practiced medicine for a short time in a village in northern Spain. Discusted by the country life he returned to Madrid to manage the family bakery along side his brother, Ricardo (Book Rags). After working with his brother, he ran unsuccessfully on two occasions for a seat at the Cortes, the Spanish Parliament, as a Republican. As the Spanish American War rolled around in 1898, Baroja began to protest against "Spain's social abuses and the corrosive influence of the Catholic Church" (Book Rags). He was known throughout history as an anarchist who believed that all forms of government are oppressive and undesirable and should be abolished. He began to write about the injustices within his country. He got his start from writing newspaper articles and moved onward to produce novels. After writing so many articles and letters, Pip Baroja moved away from the business scene and became more dedicated to writing (Caro Raggio). Soon he realized that his real passion was to write novels. He became one of the most influential and popular Spanish novelists of the twentieth century. The writing of Pio Baroja mainly was considered "forceful though loosely constructed, characterized by a spare yet lyrical style and an undercurrent of social discontent" (Columbia Encyclopedia). His many books revolved around harsh criticism of his country, Spain, and a pessimistic view of the human existence. His first novel was La Casa de Aizgorri (The House of Aizgorr ...

The ouster of Vikram Pandit, and what that means for big banks Research Paper

The ouster of Vikram Pandit, and what that means for big banks - Research Paper Example This paper will address Pandit’s ouster, and describe how this major event in Citigroup will influence the future operations of Citibank, as well as other banks in the same industry. Mr. Pandit took over as the bank’s CEO in 2007 when the bank was in a financial turmoil, but slightly recovered the profitability of the bank in 2010. Under Pandit’s management, much of Citi’s resources were devoted for future profitability. Expanding market to the developing countries was a prospective Pandit held (David, Suzanne, and Dan 1-2). The reasons offered for Pandit’s ouster emanate from struggles to recover from past financial crises at the bank. Mr. Pandit was forced to resign after the board of Directors at Citi bank felt that he managed the bank poorly. The board also claimed lack of appropriate communication from the CEO on vital business matters. During the tenure of Pandit, the shares of Citigroup fell by 89%, which resulted in a revolt by shareholders over his executive pay. The Federal Reserve also rejected Citigroup’s plan to purchase back stock. In addition, there was a $2.9 million write-down by Morgan Stanley, of a brokerage joint venture. All these unfortunate happenings can be numerically represented, but most probably point to poor judgment, rather than day-to-day oversight of specific business units (David 2). Michael Corbat, Pandit’s replacement, may not perform as Pandit, who was credited a well performer, who knew the positions of the bank inside out. Corbat’s strategic directions for future of the company are also still uncertain. Many challenges Corbat, as he will feel the pressure of impressing quickly, since the bank’s shareholders are now frustrated about the bank’s uncertainty. Citigroup investment bank is a potential victim of shrinkage. It is enormous, but with uneven revenue since the times of the financial crisis. This continued decline has to be addressed in order to gain stability again. Mr. Corbat will also have to deal with the â€Å"black box† reputation of the bank. Observations show that the bank’s disclosures are not as comprehensive as those of other banks are. In order to regain the confidence of investors, Corbat has to tackle this issue also. Consumers should expect to feel the difference between Citi managed by Pandit, and Citi managed by Michael Corbat, Pandit’s successor. This kind of transition at Citi may not positively influence on the financial health of the US banking industry, and the general US economy. This is because Citi is a bank that has been considered ‘important’ by the regulators, amid financial crisis. It is a troubled bank, and still struggles to gain stability. Pandit was a CEO that had set out to turn around the case of Citi bank, and ensure its total economic recovery. However, by firing such a dedicated CEO, Citi bank risks continued vulnerability to financial crises. The shareholde rs of Citi bank continue to be adversely affected by the bank’s prolonged stagnation in financial instability. However, more parties will feel the pinch of this as it will affect the whole banking industry as well as the national economy. Citi is in the process of repairing its balance sheet, it is then expected that it will cut down on customer lending, in a bid to save more. Its customers will not access

Alternative Fuel Company Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alternative Fuel Company Case - Research Paper Example This predictive model is deemed to encompass both the recent and the earlier demand for the goods. The moving average model is the most obvious model here since the data given is that which is deemed to produce units demanded for the previous years. Since the predictive model uses the historical data for its analysis, it forms the best model for this type of analysis (Sharma, 2009). The reasoning behind this calculation is that the company sales each year represent the amount of units that the consumer will need each year. this is accentuated by the fact that the demand for these goods are deemed to be having positive correlation with the company’s units that they are suppose to produce (Crum, & Palmatier, 2003). Given this sense of reasoning, it is evident that the previous trend in the sales could be used in making sure that the company predicts its demand in the most favorable way. The sales department expects the growth in Year four to more closely resemble the average growth experienced in the last two years. Predict the number of units expected in Year Four. Discuss whether you would recommend this quantity as the manufacturing plan or the quantity found using the simple three year moving average in step two and why. From the two predictions of the two prospects of sales in units, the second prediction looks more accurate than the first one. This is because the second method of calculation inculcates the inter year growth of these sales in units. It is also a fact that the company is deemed to produce more using the second prediction model since this require the availability of higher amount of units than the company that would cater for any shortages that might be brought in (Artis, 2012). In Year Three, one fourth of the production was sold in China. The marketing department has just learned of a new tax that will be imposed on all luxury imports into China beginning in Year Four. It is expected that this will

Principle of Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principle of Accounting - Essay Example The responsibility of developing marketing strategies for GM with the objective of increasing the product sales lies with the sales and marketing division of the company. This department of the company has been performing well recently. However it has failed to implement required modern marketing strategies to be able to successfully tap many of the unoccupied markets worldwide. The services related to testing of products of the company are carried on by its quality assurance department. This department has not been successful in developing good relationship with rest of the departments of the company in relation to the reduction of mishaps caused due to inferior vehicle quality. However, it has always been promised to the customer regarding high quality of the products. This problem can be reduced through proper coordination of the quality department with the other departments of GM. The accounts department of the company is held accountable for all the finance related activities carried on by the firm. Recently, few financial problems have crept up in the company which has contributed towards it being bankrupt. The major weakness was the top post of the department being two in number. However this issue has been resolved considerably through reshuffling of those positions in the company (Canis, & Yacobucci, 2010, p.27). Similarly, the company can take the help of other financial consultancy firms so as to boost the accountability of the department. GM was reported to have some issues related to its bankruptcy recently in the year 2009 and it came up in news as well (Economist, 2009). It is mainly attributed towards the alteration of the financial results of the company which paved the way for the department of accounting of GM to represent false picture of its financial position. This misrepresentation of the financial figures in the financial statements of the firm along with other errors in accounting that were present in the company records

Why Has Evians Us Market Share Continually Decreased Marketing Essay

Why Has Evians Us Market Share Continually Decreased Marketing Essay To begin with, the customer indifference is one of the main factors to be considered. Compared with the colas, Evian is premium price bottled water, and it is failed to realise that customers in different regions will make different reactions according to their preferences. In Europe, customers accept the types of bottled water and pay a premium for the Evian brand gladly. By contrast, in the U.S. water market, customers place little value on this premium and the cheapest bottled water is always selected in stores. Danone does not satisfy the US customers needs, and therefore, the decreasing demand for Evian in the US water market will affect its market share. Secondly, Danone is weak of the distribution capability. On one hand, Danone mastered its direct-to-store delivery system well, but the distribution strategy is not suitable for the U.S. water market. The U.S. water market needs a giant colarun distribution network which includes access to rented stored shelves. On the other hand, the colas and other water brands all have good distribution capabilities, while Danone is inferior. It is rarely to see Evian locate in such points of sale for bottled water, like vending machines, groceries, stores, street vendors, convenience outlets, and etc. Therefore, the distribution deficiencies will lead Danone in a low volume in the US water market. Thirdly, pricing is another factor which should be considered. The colas resource mostly comes from local tap water, so the initial cost of the colas is lower, and it is priced at an appropriate level. In contrast, Evian Nature Spring Water comes from French Alps, so the initial cost of Evian is high, and it is priced at a premium level. In consequence, higher price of the bottled water may not be accepted by the U.S. customers, then the market share dwindles. Finally, it is seems that Danone is lack of advertising. In evaluating Danones strategy for gaining U.S. market share, present the positives and negatives for remaining a single enterprise entity and going it alone. Danones strategy to go it alone in the U.S. water market has the positives and negatives. Danones go it alone U.S. water market strategy means that Evian becomes a niche product brand, and its price keeps at a premium level. Under the strategy, Evian can extend its brand to a global extent with a healthy edge, and also can protect its unique Glacier brand effectively. Besides these, it can create business opportunities in the U.S. water market, and increase its marginal revenue for Danone as well. However, because of the premium price of the Evians bottled water, Evian may hold lower market share in low volume in the U.S. water market, compared with the lower price water brands. Another Danones go-it-alone U.S. water market strategy is that taking over local-source spring water enterprise. After acquisition, it is clear that Danone can get source locally rather than from France, therefore Danone can reduce the costs, and it will be more competitive against Nestlà © and the colas for market share in the high volume and price-driven market. Another advantage under this strategy is that Danone can build-out its lines production and distribution after acquisitions. However, there are also some problems after acquisition. The strategy here will need a large amount of money to invest from Danone, and the return on the investment will need a long period to get the money back. Given Evians lack of success in the US market, what would be the ramifications of Danone exiting the U.S. bottled water market altogether? Compared with other water brands, Evian is premium price bottled water, and it is failed to realise that customers in the U.S. water market prefer to choose cheaper bottled water, not like the customers preferences in Europe. Therefore, the low volume of Evians bottled water sale may lead to the decreasing market share and Evians lack of success in the U.S. market. As a consequence of this condition, Danones get out of the U.S. Market strategy may make some ramifications. If Danone exit the U.S. bottled water market, Danone may lose the business opportunities in the U.S. market, and may lose much more market share in such a large market as well. Besides, Danone will probably run counter to its global marketing strategy, and it will not drive Danones global sales and extension of global brand. Furthermore, Danone will save the entry expenditures if exiting from the U.S. market, and it can invest on the market where the glacier premium is recognized and also gain the market share from those countries.

William Wordsworths The World is Too Much With Us :: World Is Too Much With Us

The World is Too Much With Us Poem  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Wordsworth’s poem is a statement about conflict between nature and humanity. The symbolism in his poem gives the reader a sense of the conviction and deep feelings Wordsworth had. Wordsworth longs for a much simpler time when the progress of humanity was tempered by the restrictions nature imposed. Wordsworth gives a fatalistic view of the world, past and future. The words â€Å"late and soon† in the opening verse describe how the past and future are included in his characterization of mankind. The author knows the potential for humanity, but the mentality of â€Å"getting and spending† clouds the perspective of humanity. Wordsworth does not see us as incapable, in fact he describes our abilities as â€Å"powers†. â€Å"We lay waste our powers† is blamed on the earlier mentioned attitude of â€Å"getting and spending†. The appetite mankind has for devouring all that is around clouds our perspective as to what is being sacrificed for the progress. The â€Å"sordid boon† we have â€Å"given are hearts† is the materialistic progress of mankind. Humanity has become self-absorbed and can no longer think clearly. The destructiveness society has on the environment will proceed unchecked and relentless like the â€Å"winds that will be howling at all hours†. Unlike society, Wordsworth does not see nature as a commodity. The verse â€Å"Little we see in Nature that is ours†, shows that coexisting is the relationship envisioned. This relationship appears to be at the mercy of mankind because of the vulnerable way nature is described. The verse â€Å"This Sea that bares her bosom to the moon†, gives the vision of a woman exposed to the heavens. The phrase â€Å"sleeping flowers† might also describe how nature is being overrun unknowingly and is helpless. Wordsworth seems to be the only enlightened one who is able to foresee the inevitable. He sees himself as one with the environment. The verse â€Å"I, standing on this pleasant lea, have glimpses that would make me less forlorn†, show Wordsworth as a visionary who is not responsible for the destruction of nature. This destruction is not seen stopping as a result of any act by mankind. The change Wordsworth is hoping for will come in the form of a mighty revolt by nature. Wordsworth reaches back into ancient Greece for their gods who symbolize nature and strength to make the change. Proteus is seen rising from the sea, facing the injustices inflicted upon nature, placing the cycle of life back in balance.

Four Theoretical Approaches to Metaphysics Essay

There are four theoretical approaches to the metaphysics and they include Dualism and the theory that what exists on can do so on two levels the physical or the mental. The next approach is Materialism which theorizes that everything exists on a physical level. Then there is the Idealism approach which states that everything that exists is mental or spiritual. Finally, there is Alternative Views which theorizes that what exists in neither mental nor spiritual but believed that what exists is both, which means that what exists is neutral. In the Materialism theory of metaphysics it is said that everything is made of some kind of structure that are now called atoms. These atoms are governed entirely by physical laws and are thought to make up everything that we know and see. There were and are still many men in the scientific community that feel this way, but the most pronounced one was named Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes implied â€Å"clearly that all things are made of material particles and that all change reduces to motion. † (cite) His theory states that everything is matter in motion to include an individual’s thought process. Hobbes goes into detail about how this process works and called it perception or sense. His way of describing it is the fact that things have different properties and that the properties do not really exist. The properties of an object are based on what we perceive them to be. We perceive a rose to be beautiful, smell nice, and have red pedals. Those properties according to Hobbes are all based on perception and the rose does not actually have any of these traits. â€Å"The things that really are in the world outside us are those motions by which these seemings are caused. † (cite) Hobbes describes perception as motion from the outside effects the motion of the inside of a person. The motion on the outside affected the motion on the inside and leaves a lasting effect after the motion is complete or dispersed then the motion that remains behind on the inside is left as a memory. The motion that is still on the inside is a perception and in turn is the root cause for thinking, imagination, and memory. As humans we describe this reaction by assigning words to these perceptions and Hobbes labeled that as reasoning. The way that people reason is nothing sort of â€Å"adding and subtracting of the consequences of general names. † (cite) The easiest way that this can be explained would be to refer it to a computer. The hard drive is considered as the movement on the inside and the keyboard and mouse as the outside. The hard drive is made up of a disk and magnet and works by taking the disc and spinning is around at a rapid pace. Next the magnet is moved around to encode the data to the hard drive. This whole process is done through movement and if stationary there is nothing that can be done to retrieve or store information. First to store or retrieve information an external source of movement needs to happen. Movement from the outside was represented as a keyboard and mouse. The keyboard and mouse which is movement from the outside affects the hard drive which is the movement from the inside and vice versa. Now that movement has been represented the reasoning of information needs to be considered. Now we understand what movement effect movement means we can now address the fact of reasoning and perception. All of the information that the computer takes in needs to go somewhere and needs to be retrieved again. The computer makes sense of all the data by assigning numbers to all of the data so that it can be retrieved again. This aspect would be considered our perception which is reasoning which as Hobbes stated before is our thinking, memory, and imagination. Now some people would argue that Hobbes theory does not take into accounts decision making and other voluntary actions, but he does go into detail about how that process works. Hobbes addresses the finer points of the decision process by stating that every decision or movement starts of as an â€Å"endeavor† which was caused by perception. He then breaks it down even into two groups consisting of desire and aversion. When the endeavor is toward something then it is considered a desire and when it is away it is considered an aversion. We associate desire and aversion with words like love and hate or good and bad. So according to Hobbes the basic principle of our decision making is like a magnet. Let’s look at the magnet that is in the computer and affects the hard drive. Sometimes data can be corrupted and the information will not take to the hard drive. The process of corrupt data being entered from the outside can be considered as an aversion. Now any information that the system lets in can be considers as desire. If that did not make sense then lets look at a magnet in general. A magnet has a positive and a negative side. Anything that is attracted to the positive side can be considered a desire and anything that is repelled by the negative side can be considered an aversion. In the recent years there has been some advancements in technology that allows us to uncover the mysteries of the universe. Scientists have found matter that is smaller than atoms and they are calling them subatomic particles. It has been discovered that these particles make up every aspect of the universe and are comprised of some type of energy that is connected with everything else. After this discovery a lot of scientists are rattled about their theory and if Materialism is really the right type of metaphysical theory to go with. However, this does not completely rule this theory out it just seems like that needs to some changes or tweaks to the way that we think about Materialism.

Cg Intro essays

Cg Intro essays There have been many experiments done on depth of processing and the self reference effect. The Depth of Processing model of memory maintains that how deep something is encoded into a person's memory depends on using certain types of processing. This relates to the self reference effect because it is believed that people have the tendency to remember something better when they can relate it to themselves. People who can personally relate to something have the tendency to embed it deeper into their memory. Craik and Tulving did a series of experiments on the depth of processing model. They had participants use a series of processing methods to encode words at different levels; shallow, moderate, and deep. The subjects were shown a series of words and ask questions about the words that would provide a "yes" or "no" response. At the shallow level they were asked questions about whether or not the word was written in capital letters. At the moderate level of processing, the subject was asked questions as to whether or not two words rhymed. Finally, the subjects were asked about words in sentences and whether or not they fit. This was the deep level of processing. After participants had completed the task they were then given a surprise recognition test with the words that they were just asked questions on (target words) and then words that they have never seen before (distraction words). The results of the experiment showed that people remembered the words better that were at d eeper level of processing (Craik and Tulving 1975). Although there was some criticisms about the above experiment, Craik and Tulving performed more experiments each time refining the D.O.P. model. There were thoughts that the structural tasks were easier and not as much time had to be spent on them therefore people did not have as long to look at those words and could not study them like the other tasks. Craik and Tulving then made the structural ...

Free Essays on Management And Leadership

The experience during the (name of course) at (name of College) has given me a broader view on managment. With the vast amount of material given to me in class with prior modules, I ¹ve increased my understanding of an effective management. One ¹s skill in management requires constant practice. Mangers who grow too complacement or too lazy to continue practicing will eventually find their carrer in decay. In this paper, I will present my concept of an ideal managment environment. Good management is practiced in many forms and in a great diversity of business situations. There are basic principles of how to manage, but they would be applied differently in different situations. In an effective organization led by good managers, there is a clear set of strategic objectives I consider skill essential in an effective management: â‚ ¬ Communication â‚ ¬ Motivation â‚ ¬ Listening â‚ ¬ Teamwork â‚ ¬ Interpersonal Skill â‚ ¬ Goals After I explain the six essential skills in an effective management, I will state my own style/preferences in management and explain how I ¹ll try to incorporate them into my effective management views. There are many more concepts I have learned about effective management but I will focus on what areas I believe can relate to my needs in my organization. It is worthy to note that a successful organization have managers who have a great deal of flexibility in establishing a workable leadership style. Successful managers, in addition, realize that times, tasks, and circumstances change on a daily basis. Communication Nothing could be easier than failing to communicate. For many years, managers think they can belittle their employees with the  ³I ¹m the boss, get to work ² attitude. It is different today in most places. More poeople are beginning to understand how important good comunication really is. Communicating well is something every one of us does everday in our lives... Free Essays on Management And Leadership Free Essays on Management And Leadership The experience during the (name of course) at (name of College) has given me a broader view on managment. With the vast amount of material given to me in class with prior modules, I ¹ve increased my understanding of an effective management. One ¹s skill in management requires constant practice. Mangers who grow too complacement or too lazy to continue practicing will eventually find their carrer in decay. In this paper, I will present my concept of an ideal managment environment. Good management is practiced in many forms and in a great diversity of business situations. There are basic principles of how to manage, but they would be applied differently in different situations. In an effective organization led by good managers, there is a clear set of strategic objectives I consider skill essential in an effective management: â‚ ¬ Communication â‚ ¬ Motivation â‚ ¬ Listening â‚ ¬ Teamwork â‚ ¬ Interpersonal Skill â‚ ¬ Goals After I explain the six essential skills in an effective management, I will state my own style/preferences in management and explain how I ¹ll try to incorporate them into my effective management views. There are many more concepts I have learned about effective management but I will focus on what areas I believe can relate to my needs in my organization. It is worthy to note that a successful organization have managers who have a great deal of flexibility in establishing a workable leadership style. Successful managers, in addition, realize that times, tasks, and circumstances change on a daily basis. Communication Nothing could be easier than failing to communicate. For many years, managers think they can belittle their employees with the  ³I ¹m the boss, get to work ² attitude. It is different today in most places. More poeople are beginning to understand how important good comunication really is. Communicating well is something every one of us does everday in our lives...

Roman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roman - Essay Example r for the blue faction is thought to have started racing at the age of 13 years or even younger (4) bringing in the question of whether the game was a reserve of adults or was open to everybody. This game was so well organized to an extent of associating rules of the game with religion. †sometimes the chariots would be called back to the starting line and the race would be started over, this may have been in response to the mistakes in religious rituals.’’(Footnotes (1)). Even though there is no specific reason for each charioteer being called back, the reasons are summed up to religious factors or foul play a test for which all of them failed. This alone shows earlier religious life of the charioteers as well as all the participants. Apart from unavailable family attachments of the gamers, it is also evident as a common factor among all the charioteers that their lives ended earlier than normal for those whose details are documented about the year of death. This plus other factors points to the question of whether the lives of the charioteers was had a commonality. From the documented facts from all the sources, the motivation seemed not only to be the prices but also the national recognition. Some even went ahead to build and inscribe monuments by themselves while still alive. Publius Aelius Gutta who is also known to have won a sixteen chariot race four from each color and with a documented father built his own monument while still alive (10). His life just like the rest of the charioteers was riddled with races with many victories, recalls, first runner-up and third runner-up positions. For others who did not build their monuments while still alive, had them built by other people. Their characters, poems as well as victories were written on their tomb and an altar built on their names for any passer-by to read and get to know them (6). A good example is that of Fuscus whose competition was praised even after his death. It is not indicated whether he

Skip navigation links BFS 3440-07B BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR FIRE Essay - 1

Skip navigation links BFS 3440-07B BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR FIRE PROTECTION (BFS3440-07B) - Essay Example Preplanning a building enables fire fighting officers to have easy access to the building and safely perform fire fighting operation in the event of a fire outbreak. It helps to guarantee that fire fighters would have the upper hand during firefight. Preplanning a building would help the fire protection engineer to effectively coordinate the different types of fire protection systems in the building such as the coordination of fire separations with the architectural designs, the coordination of the smoke control systems with the Heating, Ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVAC) system, coordination of the fire alarm and the inlet/outlet systems with the security of the building, coordination of the tamper switches and sprinkler system water flow with the fire alarm system and the coordination of penetrations of the fire rated assemblies with the ductworks, piping and wiring penetrations. These series of coordination ensures the safety of life and property and maximum protection of the building in the event of a fire outbreak. Planning a building for the prevention of a fire outbreak assists in providing the fire fighting officer with adequate information about the building structure and allows the fire fighting officers to efficiently utilize their resources. Information such as those on the exits, floor layouts and the construction, which were obtained as a result of preplanning the building will ensure firefighter safety and would help in performing search and rescue more conveniently and efficiently. It is necessary to involve fire protection system engineers in the planning stages of a building as this would provide greater design flexibility, lead to an innovation in design and construction and produce better fire fighting

Turkey Briefing as a Traditional Turkish Element Essay

Turkey Briefing as a Traditional Turkish Element - Essay Example This  is celebrated  as a spring festival within the  region  also linked to the Jewish festival of Purim. Extent of cultural  influence  of westernization and modernization Through development and urbanization, a  lot  of interactions among different state societies  occur  bringing about cultural intrusions, collisions and influences among themselves (David, 12). Turkey in the search for  development  and stability welcomed a  lot  of intrusions by other cultures through various activities. Such activities are such as  engagement  in cross cultural trading and social relations that  cause  interchange  and adoptions of various cultural aspects such as  religion. During the 1920s periods turkey underwent a system modernization program referred to as the â€Å"Kemalism† and through  vital  European tactics together with Turkish technocrats’ developed a successful development model (Belbor, 8). Various aspects of Turkish  cul ture  such as  religion, language and other practices significantly influenced through this westernization  process  and development. Cultural sensitivities visitors to Turkey should be aware of Visitors to any new region need to be sensitive to the norms of the region so as not to  spur  any conflicts of interests among them. These norms are  inclusive  of  political  governance, laws and cultural practices and observations. Taking of photographs of places considered as of cultural sensitivity such as of  religious  sites and temples should be seriously considered. Approximately ninety eight of the population is Muslim and  religious  aspects  are considered  to be a  personal  matters (Cloe, 5). As such visitors should adhere to respect of the local customs, traditional laws and religions of the region in all their actions to ensure they do not offend the natives. This should be  particularly  crucial  during  sensitive  periods and in   sensitive  places such as during the holly month period of  ramadhan  or when visiting  sacred, religious sites. Role of religion in Turkish society In  likeness  to other societies religion plays a highly diversified role in the community. Most of the norms and regulatory guidelines within the  society  are depicted  by  religion  (Howel, 21). The majority of the Turkish populations are Muslim, and they rely on this  religion  in their social  organization. The importance and roles within the institute of the family outlined in the religion with the roles of men and women dictated together with rules to be followed. It is also through this same religious belief that some rules and regulations of peace and  stability  followed within the nation. Islamic  religion  also holds a  position  for the passing of judgment and  punishment  of law offenders thus further strengthening the rule of law and functioning of the judicial system. How  valuable  is Islam to lives of the Turkish people Islam is the  principal  religion within the region, and it holds as the corner stone of society. Islam is the glue that holds and binds the  people  and other aspects of the people’s lives. Almost every aspect of the Turks lives revolves around the Muslim religion (John, 13). Through Islam, the structure and roles of the family established, and the expected norms of conduct outlined. Through this belief, people are able to interrelate well with each other also to respect the  importance  for the rule of law. Peace developed throughout the region through

Review Literary Terms, Eng 125 Essay Example for Free

Review Literary Terms, Eng 125 Essay Imagination is the power to create. It is the key component to literature. Without imagination, there wont be an interesting story, I believe. Imagination is not only important to the writer, it helps the reader broaden their interpretation of the story. When you allow reading to unlock your imagination, your connection sets the stage for intellectual engagement. It allows the experience of reading literature to include the pursuit of ideas and knowledge. (Clugston, R. W 2010). With imagination comes genre. Choosing what category or type of literature. It can be a short story, poem, or drama. It can be used to make broad distinctions or to identify specific categories within a broad category. The short story and the novel, for example, are specific literary genres within the broad category of fiction. (Clugston, R. W. 2010). I think another very important component to literature is the tone. Setting the tone will let the reader know what attitude the literary work is going. For example, the final lines in Updikes poem create an initial feeling of sympathy, which is likely to become empathy if the reader reflects on the dogs predicament in not being able to communicate its final struggle. (Clugston, R. W 2010). Tone is followed by image. Image represents the experience that go through your senses, the idea. Writers use specific language to describe the imagery. Again, in Frosts and Updikes poems about the dog, In Frosts image of an old dog theres an initial feeling of sadness, but if the reader reflects on what the poem has to say about the inevitable life cycle that both the dog and the speaker face, sadness is likely to fade somewhat into acceptance. Reference Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Walter Gropius and Mie van der Rohe | Comparison

Walter Gropius and Mie van der Rohe | Comparison As it known about two famous German architects, Walter Gropius and Mies Van de Rohe, who had been worked together and made a great contribution to the world architectures. Although both of them focus on the Modern building technology, they still have their own unique features and design philosophies. Walters main themes of architecture is standardized house, prefabrication and developed house for low-income workers whereas Mies Van de Rohes Less is more and God is in the details are his famous sayings. This essay talks about the two famous architects from Germany and the similarities and difference between their unique architectural buildings. In this essay, some of the greatest masterpieces before WW2 such as the Tà ¶rten Estate, skyscraper, IIT campus buildings are mentioned below. Walter Gropius, a German architect and educator, who established the Bauhaus school of design, which has become a predominant force in architecture in 20th century. Gropius was famous for the Bauhaus style and the prestige of the architecture had established when he grouped with Adolph Meyer. Walter Gropius went against the Nazi regime and escaped Germany secretly in 1934. He taught architecture at Harvard University in Britain after a few years. Then, the Bauhaus concepts and design principles were generated and introduced by him. During the 1938 to 1941, he worked on some houses with Marcel Breuer and all of them established the Architects Collaborative in 1945 (Jackie Craven n.d). Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, another prestigious German architect, who had worked with Walter Gropius and highly regarded as one of the pioneering masters of Modern architecture. Although he had never received any formal education in school, it would not stop the pursuit of establishing a new architectural style. Less is more and God is in the details are his aphorisms. He continued to seek a rational method that could navigate the innovative process of architectural design and strived to a concept of minimal framework of structural order fight against the freedom implication of free-flowing open space-skin and bones building style. Mies van der Rohe became well known for the glass and steel, this style clarified that the Barcelona Pavilion expressed as well as the planar inner walls that are an outgrowth of the belief that space must be made universal and flexible (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe: architect biography 2011). Mies s design for the housing was stemmed from his early study of the Kari Friedrich Schinkel. This project was famous from drawing and photographs. In 1912, Mie established his practice as an unique architect in Berlin. At that time, there was a competition that had been held for a skyscraper design on Friedrichstrasse in Berlin. Although Miess scheme was successful and forward-looking, the project could not be accepted due to the poor conditions would not match with the solution (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe: architect biography 2011). Walter Gropius- design philosophy The architectural design of Walter Gropius was on the basis of the new architecture, which was not just about shelter any longer, but a kind of expression. The whole world has changed the idea from the gigantic structures to the stability and protection of the architectural buildings. In the modern age, we can concentrate on the architecture itself and the pursuit of our humans expressed feelings. Walter Gropiuss ideology of designing buildings is far more advanced and preferable to the modern time than turn people in the past. He has more focused on the central expression and utilitarianism of every buildings rather than beautiful structure and extravagant materials (Design Philosophy 2011). Walter Gropiuss New Architecture included the new materials and modern technologies of the World. He said that excellent design should be available to all and truly believed that it was not impossible by using standardization and prefabricated homes. The use of walls was just the most distinguishing angle of the buildings he designed. The simple form that provided by him was the best way to express life (Design Philosophy 2011). Bauhaus/International style of architecture has a number of unique features: namely, functionality Vs ornamentation, asymmetry and regularity Vs symmetry, and space Vs mass. Walter Gropius gave up the old concept and style of the architectural building, while he mainly put these three ideas in the front line- functionality, asymmetry and space. Bauhaus buildings are normally cubic with right angles; they have smooth facades and an open floor plan (Yael Zisling 2000). Bauhaus architecture primarily relates to the social aspects of design and workers departments. Tel Aviv, a newly evolved city, which embraced the style. This style of architecture was popular at a time due to the new engineering advancements that allowed to be built around steel or iron frames, that was, the walls did not support the structure any longer, but only enveloped from the outside. The International Style was the kind of architecture that never depended on the past style of the buildings; conversely, it made an attempt to set up a new and modern style. In Tel Aviv, Bauhaus architecture benefited a foothold because there was no real entrenched architectural style. However, the style of the architecture could be discovered in many places in Tel Aviv (Yael Zisling 2000). Ludwig Mies Van de Rohe design philosophy Miess glass skyscraper proposal actually had not been accepted by those clients because there was a thirty-story tower designed for an usual site situated near the crossing of the broad avenues, and this free-form scheme without any effective solutions for the structure. In 1923, the proposal was known from the photos of a model and several drawings. It can be shown from this project that Mies Van Der Rohe moves to a real modern style, it has become of great interest. He took over a number of studies of these architectures, which includes block building at that time (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe: architect biography 2011). In 1924, the plan for a brick building has a close resemblance to the de Stiji paintings of Van Doesburg. Mies Van der rohe regarded the brick as an old material and utilized it in the design for this planed country house. The Walls were free standing, sliding out from beneath the roof into the landscape. The walls linked with glass enclosures produced an entirely new effect, with radical implications for living style. Mies van der Rohe used these concepts to good effect in the Barcelona Pavilion of 1929 (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe: architect biography 2011). Walter Gropius -technology Due to the Industrial Revolution, the world had evolved dramatically, while art schools ignored new technology and ideas. Gropius supported students to exploit new industrial materials and processes. Walter Gropius believed that art should serve the proletariat and those of completed buildings. The main themes of Gropius architecture is standardized house, prefabrication and developed house. These ideas were applied into his private missions. In 1926, Gropius designed a 60-dwelling low-income community in Dessau, Germany- the Tà ¶rten Estate. He often helped the urban workers who live under the poverty lines. In order to help those poor workers, Gropius planed to design economical buildings with small but comfortable rooms by using cheap materials like cement and prefabricated elements. He tried to improve the sunlight and air circulation in the room by placing the windows (Walter Gropius and the Legacy of Modernism / Maddie  Wardley 2011). At present, most of the modern buildings adapt the Bauhaus style. There is a typical case of Truro House design. This house makes full use of the energy-saving techniques like solar power and it is divided into the wings. One is used for family visits and could be closed to reduce the energy. Just as Gropius, the buildings prefer to white color, big windows and a flat roof. The structural elements have been exposed under the sunlight. Perhaps Gropius fancies about the transparency in these buildings so that visitors can see through the construction and inner workings. Therefore, the Truro House can demonstrate a theme of technology, comfort, conservation and functionality by this famous designer. Up into now, the architecture is still largely affected by Bauhaus Modernism (Walter Gropius and the Legacy of Modernism / Maddie  Wardley 2011). Mie van der Rohe Technology Mie van der Rohe designed Czechoslovakia in 1930, the largest luxurious Tugendhat House in Brno. On a sloping site, this building is with a compact two-story plan and entered from the street at the higher level. The living rooms and dining rooms give more space and quality. Its use of exterior terraces on both levels is omparable to Le Corbusiers Villa Stein in Garches, France, 1927. The house is the same in function as large, late nineteenth-century country houses. Individual spaces could be shut off using draperies on ceiling tracks. The curved wall denning the dining room is Macassar wood, with an onyx freestanding wall denning space between living area and study. The Brno chairs designed for this house have been generated. The house suffered damage and is now owned by the city of Bmo (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe: architect biography 2011). Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was counted among the founders of modern architecture and design. One of the most emulated architects of the 20th century, he taught architecture for almost 30 years. Mies came to Illinois Institute of Technology to head the universitys Department of Architecture soon after the closing of Bauhaus, the renowned design school that flourished in Germany from 1919 until the rise of Nazism in 1933. During his 20 years as chairman of the department, he built up a curriculum based on the Bauhaus philosophy of synthesizing aesthetics and technology. He strongly emphasized on the grounding in the fundamentals of architecture and on a disciplined method of problem solving is reflected in IITs curriculum. According to his career, Mie had affected a great many architects and they made his theories into a movement (See Architecture 2011). His own designs, ranging from the Barcelona Pavilion in Spain to the Seagram Building in New York to IITs S. R. Crown Hall changed the skylines of cities all over the globe. Mies established Crown hall, which depicted on the banquet stamp, in 1955, was considered to be one of his greatest architectural masterpiece. In order to provide for a flexible, columnless interior, Mies stopped the roof from four steel girders maintained in the midway through eight external columns. Crown Hall has been regarded as an immortal contribution to the architecture of Chicago and the world. In 1941, Mies also designed the masterpiece of IIT campus, which was the most remarkable projects he believed and the only person to come close to attaining the whole realization. There are 20 architectural buildings around the old campus, which are the greatest Mies-designed buildings in the world. Hence, IIT campus has become a landmark of Chicago(See Architecture 2011). Similarity Difference Not surprisingly, it is evident from the details provided that there are some similarities and differences between Walter Gropius and Mies attitudes toward the technology and stylish building to the specific group of people. Walter Gropius focuses on low-income workers and he tries to build up the affordable and comfortable homes for people. Moreover, he considers the cost consumption of materials, the architectures practice, space, sunlight and air circulation. Further, he believes that architecture should express a kind of feelings or theme rather than its extravagant materials consumption and too distinguished surface. It has been discovered that the buildings that Walter Gropius designs are almost the peoples living place and the structures are modernized and fully transparent. The Bauhaus/ International style of architecture hold its ideology: functionality, asymmetry and space with lower cost consumptions. This would be fine match with the modern peoples perceptions and demands. However, although Mie van der Rohes architectural style still toward the Modernism, it seems that Mie vans buildings are far more preferable to the metropolitan building such as skyscraper. This is the striking difference between the Mie and Walter Gropius. The Mie van der Rohe has strongly emphasized the details, qualities and aesthetics. For example, the living rooms and dining rooms give more space and quality. Its use of exterior terraces on both levels is omparable to Le Corbusiers Villa Stein in Garches, France, 1927..Also his architectural buildings normally located on the Campus or the city centres, IITs S. R. Crown Hall is the one case to prove it. Mies architectural theories can build up a big city for one country whereas Walter Gropiuss can establish a comfortable home for people. Maybe this is where the difference is. Still, there remain some similarities between them. First, they both apply modern technology to the building establishment; second, no matter Walters the three main themes or Miess God is in the details, they all made the greatest contribution to the human race, to the country, to the modernization. Meanwhile, they hold the common attitude to the modern technology and impart their way of thinking to the next generation. Conclusion All together, this paper discusses the main architectural styles and design philosophies from Walter Gropius and Mie van der Rohe before the second world war. Walter Gropius prefers to the functionality of the building, while Mies is more likely to design it in an aesthetic way. They both have the typical masterpieces which located in different places. There are also a lot of research findings about their architectures, designs and attitudes toward the modern technology. Based on these series of comparison and contrast, it has been noted clearly that the situation of architectural development and technology goes to the certain extent that has already reached the contemporary design model-skyscrapers or the Tà ¶rten Estate, unfortunately, the conditions of architecture could not meet the requirements of solutions at that time. Nevertheless, their ideas have surpassed all the unavailable conditions and exerted the strong power to push the historical movement. How do children learn? How do children learn? How do children learn? Describe and evaluate behaviourist and cognitivist theories of learning, with reference to influential researchers and writers in each field. Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was mostly ignored throughout much of history. Children were often viewed as small versions of adults rather than individuals and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth. It wasnt until early in the 20th-century that interest was taken in the field of child development. This then tended to focus on abnormal behaviour. The following are some of the theorists that specialized at looking at cognitive development; these include Piaget, Bruner and Vygotsky. Jean Piaget (1896 1980) was a constructivist whose work has been a major influence both on child development and on learning and education. Piagets view was that from birth to adulthood children pass through a number of different stages of cognitive and mental development. As well as this he highlighted that the individual child played a big role in their own development and learning. He also recognized that the social environment plays a part alongside this. Although recognizing this he did not emphasize it, therefore his work focuses on the individual child impacting his or her own development. Piaget broke his cognitive development in to four different stages; Sensori-motor (birth to around two years), pre-operational (two to around seven years), concrete-operational (seven to around twelve years) and finally formal-operational (twelve years and onwards). As I said above although these stages have ages against them all individuals learn and development at their own rate and so may not hit these stages at the same time as all their peers do. This is something you see in schools and why work needs to be differentiated for the different abilities as they are all learning at their own rate. Piaget also believed that children learn through processes of adaptation which is known as assimilation, accommodation and equilibration. An example of assimilation can be that child A establishes the concept of cats as black. Child A then progresses to accommodation where the toddler ‘accommodates new information that cats can be different colours. Equilibration is where child A then needs to have this reinforced by further experiences before accommodating this in to their understanding. Schemas are one thing that came out form Piagets work. These are early ideas and concepts based on linked patterns of behaviour and are part of the childrens way of understanding their experiences. Schemas often occur in clusters and dominate a childs play at any one time. For example the idea of transporting, children will take time to investigate the different ways in which to move objects, such as using bags, trucks and trolleys. Jerome Bruner (1915) and Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) built on Piagets theory. They stressed the role of play, talking with adults and interacting with the social world. Piagets view of the child being a solitary learner is here replaced by that of the child as a social being. Children use their learning skills and knowledge of their own culture, received from adults to develop their ideas and learning that they could not do as a solitary learner. Vygotsky saw children as active organisers of their own lives which agreed with Piaget however he extended this to believing that social relationships and interaction with other people where needed to develop intellectually and that â€Å"knowledge develops through interaction with others† (Mistry, M 2009) So where Piaget emphasized the individual learner, Vygotsky is now emphasizing the role of the adults in helping children learn. From this he identified the ‘zone of proximal development, which is where children show signs about being ready to move on in their own development and learning. Adults then need to intervene and â€Å"help children to move into the zone of actual development and the cycle goes on.† (Smith, M 2006, p117). There are other areas in which theorists have specialized in, one of them being behaviour. Some of these theorists are Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura and Watson. These theories are part of the transmission model which builds on the thinking of the philosopher John Locke (1632-1704). Transmission theories are less to do with what goes on inside the mind and more to do with what goes on with the external outputs and influences of learning. There are two main components of transmission theory: learning theory and social learning theory. This is where those theorists come in so will look at them in more detail. The learning theory is where children learn through experience, this is shown through classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Ivan Pavlovs (1849-1936) work on the behaviour of dogs is an influential example of how the learning theory has developed through the twentieth century. Pavlovs research consisted of conditioning dogs by feeding them when a bell rang or a light shone. This progressed and went on for some time until finally when the bell rang or the light was flashed the dog would automatically salivate. The dogs had been conditioned to this way of thinking. This is something that is reflected in schools today for example when the bell rings at the end of the lesson the children then know that it is then a break time. This is repeated everyday during school and so the children become conditioned in to this way of thinking. These behaviours are continued through life even by teenagers and adults. For example at secondary school when the bell went at the end of a lesson myself and peers would automatically make the move to pack up our things and move to our next lesson or on to break time. Other things that we condition children to do is sit on the carpet with their arms and legs crossed. Also to hang their coats up and put their bags away, this becomes and automatic routine for children when they come in to school in the morning. Further development from Classical conditioning is Operant conditioning which psychologist B. F Skinner worked on. This operant conditioning is more to do with shaping and modifying behaviour rather than creating certain behaviour patterns. Skinner again worked with animals during his research, he gave the dogs food as a reward. The food was used as positive enforcement, if the dog was not to do what Skinner wanted he would ‘punish them by giving them electric shocks for example. Doing this repeatedly meant that the bad behaviour the dog presented with soon became eliminated. This works the same way for children, good behaviour is rewarded with stickers or golden time for example and the bad behaviour would be treated with detentions or telling off, singling out. This then works in the classroom as well, the children learn what behaviour is expected of them and what they will get in return for what they do. Smith, M (2006 p112) says that â€Å"By selectively reinforcing behaviour that is wanted adults can change the way children behave. This is called behaviour modification.† The social learning theory is where children learn through example. This leads on from the Learning theory but also emphasizes that children learn behaviours by observing and imitating adults, especially those that are important to the child. Some of these may include family members and the class teacher or other professionals that the child may work with. It has also been shown that children imitate each other. Albert Bandura (1925-) did an experiment using Bobo dolls. He showed three groups of children a doll being kicked and hit by other children which was then followed by showing a different consequence to the different groups. One of them being told off showing the behaviour was unacceptable, one being praised for what they had done and the last was not shown any consequence. After this they were then put in a room to see how they would react. This then showed Bandura that children would repeat what they had seen. This is seen in schools as well, both positively and negatively. Having mixed ages in classes or on the playground together means that younger children can look up to the older children and imitate their behaviour. The older children have been in the school longer therefore know how to behave more for example lining up in the playground at the end of lunch, the smaller children can then see this as an example and know what is then expected of them. John Watson (1878-1958) is another theorist that looked at conditioning behaviour. His research consisted of conditioning children to have a fear of a small white rat. He would present the rat alongside with a loud noise or bang which would scare the child. Although this then proved the theory of conditioning children the ethics of the experiment are often criticized today, especially because the childs fear was never deconditioned. Today in schools both the cognitivist and behaviourist theories are used. Without even knowing it, the teacher and whole school will have conditioned their children in to their overall daily routine as well as routines they take part I throughout their day. It is also shown in day to day lesson the differentiation that the teacher puts in to them in order for the children to be able to work at their own rate but still be pushed and progress through the work they are doing. Through the school planning and class planning these theories are used in everyday circumstances. 1550 words Part 2: 1500 words To what extent should theories of how children learn influence the way a class teacher plans and teaches lessons? Justify your answer with specific examples from your own experience and your reading. Our education system would not be the same today without the influence of many different theorists. Theorists such as Vygotsky, Pavlov, Piaget, Skinner and many more have influenced our day to day working with young children and people. I believe that theses theories are important and hold vital reasoning behind the way children act and learn throughout school and play. I myself without knowing will have used some of the techniques used by these theorists in their research for helping the children in my care progress. I think it is important to have knowledge about the theorists and to implement them to a certain degree in everyday teaching. For example Vygotskys theory Zone of proximal development, the teachers need to be aware of the levels of cognitive development in the group in order to know the right amount of scaffholding to give to the children. Teachers also need to work out strategies and provide tools for the children to realise and scaffhold themselves to move on to the next level. This development can be shown with differentiation in the classroom. In a school I have recently worked in they used this technique of allowing the children to recognize what level they are at and where they need to be working. Although the children were differentiated in to ability groups the children were given the opportunity to choose at what level they worked at for some of the activities. The Zone of proximal development kicked in when the child then felt ready to move on. The teacher would have extension work for all groups, lower groups were given the next levels work and the higher ability group would be given further extension work to better themselves. This is a reflection of Vygotskys theory allowing the children to have a choice and encouraged to challenge themselves, which they would often do willingly. Scaffholding which I have mentioned above is a term used by Bruner. Using this in the classroom may consist of providing clear and realistic goals, providing examples for the children to see on the board, making the task in to manageable chunks and also aiding the children with any parts that may cause frustration. â€Å"An example of this might be when a parent helps an infant clap or roll his hands to the Pat-a-Cake rhyme, until he can clap and roll his hands himself.† (webpage 2 bibliography) This I have also seen in a school before where the teacher would demonstrate the lesson before hand on the board. A clear ‘I can statement was also put on the board for all the children to see the objective for the lesson, this was then copied down as the title for that days work which meant they could easily see if they had met their target or not. If at any time the majority of children or a large group of children were finding a specific task difficult the class teacher would stop the whole class or ask those finding it too challenging to come to the front and work through it together before going back to tackle it individually again. In one school I have worked in they grouped all their foundation subjects and science into one, calling it Topic. This covered all the subjects well and although the whole class did this together without differentiated tasks the children would be learning and building on their knowledge at different rates. For example if the topic was space there may be children that are coming in to the work with a lot more background knowledge than those of others. In this case they are able to help those that need it and guide them to gaining more knowledge themselves. This shows and highlights that all children learn at their own rate as they can take in and hold different amounts of information. This reflecting the theory of Piaget where he states that children learn differently and at their own pace. I feel the most used theory is the reward system within the classroom and whole school. This is something that I have seen used in every school I have been in to and is a development from Skinners theory. His theory was to reward dogs for good behaviour and punish them for behaviour that he did not want. This is used in every school to a certain degree. For good behaviour in school you could give the children stickers, golden time or person of the week. As well as this for bad behaviour certain sanctions could be put in place for example extra work, missing of break times, informing parents, loss of privileges and even exclusion if it comes to that. The school I have recently worked in had a sticker reward system where the children gained them for good behaviour, good work and excelling in extra duties or work. This sticker was then ticked off in their work and put up on a class sticker board of one hundred. When they have filled this up they get a reward of an extra fifteen minute break time, they then start another hundred square and after that get another class reward. Therefore instead of individuals getting the rewards they are working as a group to progress and get them. They have certain sanctions for punishment put in to place as well. (Appendix 1) Although reward systems are widely used in schools â€Å"There is a debate about the appropriateness of rewarding good behaviour with stickers or small treats since it could be assumed that good behaviour is the norm.† (Jacques, K 2007 p127) Pavlovs original Classical conditioning of getting the dog to salivate awaiting food when the bell rang or the light flashed is still seen in schools today. Examples of this would be that when the bell rang at intervals during the school day the children recognize that it represents the end of a lesson ready for break time or that it is even home time. When this happens the children begin moving about anticipating the teacher saying you may go out. Another example of this is when you ask the children to come and sit on the carpet they will go and sit with their arms folded and their legs crossed. This is because at a young age when in nursery or reception this is the expectation therefore the children have been conditioned in such a way to continue showing this behaviour. This was something I have done myself even up to the ages of 14 or 15 at secondary school when we had assemblies where we had to sit on the floor, we would all sit still with our legs crossed. I think this benefits a lot of children having a routine that they do most days and having expectations of behaviour given to them by the class teacher and school. However some of these are not always beneficial for when they get to an older age for example during school many children will be asked to be quiet and work quietly and then when they are asked unexpectantly to share with people and feedback to a group they do not have the confidence or the ability to do so well as this is something they are not used to doing. I think this is even shown at our age in University seminars that I take part in now as you can see the students that have the better ability at speaking in front of others. Having said this at schools now I feel that they are taking advantage of the use of talking partners and group discussions to help involve all students in speaking in public and in front of their peers. In conclusion I feel that there are advantages and disadvantages of taking on board the different theories and using them in everyday practice. I have seen in many schools implications of the theories being used. Although all these are very beneficial and aid in how the school day runs and the flow of the day there are a few disadvantages to think about. One being the fact that children are conditioned for certain things that may not help them in later life, as I have stated above that we condition children in being quiet a lot of the time while working, this can influence their ability in older life to not feeling confident enough to talk in front of others. This is something that I can speak of from experience. However after taking all this in to consideration I feel that the theories do help to improve the working environment in different settings. I think the theories are very practical with working in todays school environment.